Crimes Against Humanity Essay Example for Free

Crimes Against Humanity Essayibn Talal ibn Talal Hussein ibn Talal ibn Talal ibn Talal ibn Talal Hussein Iraq, a ground found in Southwest Asia bordered by Syria, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and capital of capital of Kuwait, has been constantly featured in the news in recent years. Iraq received its freedom from Britain next World struggle I in 1932 and in 1958 was converted into a republic (Iraq). However, since becoming a republic, Iraq has been controlled by military leaders from Abdul-Karim Quassim to ibn Talal Hussein Hussein (Iraqi Rulers Page). The most recent conventionr of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, leader of the Baath political party, drew attention to the res publica with his various crimes against humanity. From his ascension to violence in 1979 to his feat December 30, 2006, he has been responsible for numerous atrocities, including, but not limited to, executions of communists, murders of Shiite Muslims, tortures and killings of political prisoners in the Abu Ghr aib prison, Husseins most frequently use prison for tortures and murders (Kadragic 85), the Iran-Iraq war, murders of ethnic Kurds, the Gulf War, destruction of Iraqs marshes, and therefore the destruction of marsh Arabs habitats and homes, the control of news as propaganda (The New Global Society), and the deaths of many others.After a rough childhood living with his mother, three stepbrothers, and an awful and immoral stepfather, Hussein moved to live with his uncle, who was an Arab nationalist, when his uncle was freed from jail in 1947 (Saddam Hussein). It was his uncle who introduced Hussein to politics (Saddam Hussein). Hussein linked the Arab Baath Socialist party at the age of 20 in 1957 (Saddam Hussein). He started out as a member of low importance whose main(prenominal) duty was to organize and fuel riots among his classmates (Saddam Hussein). In 1959 he was promoted to the assassination squad (Saddam Hussein).October 7, 1959, he, along with the rest of the squad, swea ted, but failed, to assassinate Abdul Karim-Quassim (Saddam Hussein). This failed attempt resulted in Hussein receiving a shot in the leg and exiling himself from Iraq for over three years to escape prison (Saddam Hussein Ex President of Iraq). Only when the Baath Party staged a coup and took over the Iraqi government in 1963 did Saddam return to the country. However, the Baath Party only remained in power for nine months and Hussein was arrested in 1964 for his affiliation with the Baath regimes attempt to regain power (Saddam Hussein).During his eighteen months in prison before his escape in July 1996, Hussein was tortured as well as named a member of Baath Partys National Arab Leadership in 1965 (Saddam Hussein). Hussein graduall(a)y gained power in the party, becoming Deputy-Secretary General of the Baath Party Leadership September 1966, and being a key leader in the July 17, 1968 coup that overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and make Husseins second cousin, Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr, the Iraqi president (Saddam Hussein).Following this incident, Hussein was made Vice President of Iraq (Saddam Hussein). Eventually, Hussein forced al-Bakr to resign and took over the puzzlement as president of Iraq (Saddam Hussein). The first crime committed under the rule of Saddam Hussein was the execution of 7,000 Iraqi communists that began the year of 1978 and lasted until 1979 (Saddam Era The Death Toll). Hussein was not in charge of the Baathist regime during 1978, but was in power for the latter part of the brutal executions carried out against the communists of Iraq.though the Baath Party was vaguely built on the idea socialism in the 1940s and the Iraqi Baath Party of Saddams time had an important coalescence with the Soviet Union, the Baaths of Saddams time were very much opposed to communism. The execution of the Iraqi communists strained the Baathist Partys kindred with the Soviet Union considerably. In the 1980s Saddam had 148 male Shiites murdered in the village of Du jail.This crime in event is the atrocity that Saddam was convicted and punish for December of 2006. The motivation for this crime was the attempted assassination of Hussein while he traveled through the minor town of Dujail. After said attempt at assassination, almost 800 people, women and children included, were detained. An unspecified number were tortured during the period of time in which they were detained. 400 of those detained were sent to internal exile in a grey part of Iraq, away from their homes in Dujail.The aforementioned 148 men and boys were convicted of some crime, sentenced to death, and executed in 1985 (Judging Dujail The First Trial before the Iraqi High Tribunal). During the 1980s Saddam instigated the Iran-Iraq war. This war lasted from 1980 to 1989 and was the cause of nearly 1. 7 million deaths of both Iranians and Iraqis (Saddam Era The Death Toll). Saddams motivation for this war was his fear that the new substructure leadership of Iran would upset the Sunni-Shia balance in Iraq (Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)).As the Shia Muslims of Iraq are concentrated on and near Iraqs only access to a embody of water, a fifty-eight kilometer coast on the Iranian Gulf, dissension among Iraqs Shia population would cut off Iraqs access to water, effectively change Iraqs ability to trade as far as exporting and importing goods by ship (Muslim Distribution (Sunni and Shia)). Another of the many influential factors that prompted Saddam to initiate the bloody war was water claims to the Shatt al-Arab waterway which serves as part of the boundary between Iraq and Iran (Iran-Iraq War and Waterway Claims).Again, the Shatt al-Arab is Iraqs only waterway to the Persian Gulf and is vital to the country as a means for transporting goods. During the Iran-Iraq War, a Kurdish Iraqi, Masoud Barzani, leader of the KDP (Kurdistan pop Party), along with the KDP, sided with the Iranians (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). The Kurdish Democratic Party was an ethnic Kurdish revolutionary political party that actively fought against the Baathist regime (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein).As retaliation for their actions, Hussein had around 8,000 KDP members, including defenseless women and children, abducted in 1983 (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). Though many remain unfound, thousands are known to stick been murdered and are now located in cud graves along with thousands of fellow victims (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). In 1984 about 4,000 political prisoners were tortured and murdered in Abu Ghraib prison. Saddam used this particular prison as a center for tortures and killings. Some of Husseins favorite methods of torture included castration, philia gouging, and acid baths.Mass killings at an Iraqi prison occurred again from 1993 to 1996 when 3000 prisoners were killed by machine gun at Mahjar prison in central. That was one of the last crimes committed under Saddams rule before he went into hiding Baghdad (Saddam Era The Death Toll ). The al-Anfal campaign, known by many as genocide, was one of the cruelest and bloodiest initiatives taken by Saddam Hussein. It lasted from 1986-1989 and resulted in the brutal deaths of about 182,000 Kurds, a group of people that make up Iraqs largest non-Arab ethnic minority (A Kurd from Salah ad Din).Hussein may have felt that the Kurds were a threat to the Sunni, Arab Iraqis as the Kurds are generally Shiites and make up about 19 per cent of the Iraqi population (A Kurd from Salah ad Din). Also, many Kurds were concentrated in Kirkuk, an area of Iraq that is very rich in oil (A Kurd from Salah ad Din). Hussein commanded that any living organism in the Kurdish territory in northern Iraq be killed. Chemical weapons were implemented in carrying this out. Previously, Iraq had been the only country, besides the Soviet Union, known to tolerate the Kurds and their cultural differences.Though Iraq instituted arabization as a way to suppress and contain Kurdish nationalism, the Kurdis h people were not persecuted on a large scale by Arab Iraqis until the train of the Baathist regime (Shelton 636). In 1988, however, a campaign named Operation Anfal, anfal meaning spoils of war, was initiated and to a greater extent than 182,000 Kurds were killed with the use of chemical weapons or buried alive in mass graves (Shelton 636) (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). In addition, 4,006 villages were utterly destroyed, displacing thousands of Kurdish villagers, and many were arrested and made to live in extremely unhealthy conditions (Shelton 636).In a small town called Halabja alone, 5,000 people were killed with a mixture of mustard gas and a nerve agent called sarin that was dropped from planes on March 16, 1988 (Kurds Look Back with Fear) (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). There is evidence that the chemicals used against the Kurds are still affecting people today, as there have been increasing amounts of birth defects, and cases of cancer, respiratory ailments, miscar riages, eye problems, skin problems, and other medical disorders in the affected areas, like the town of Halabja (Kurds Look Back with Fear).People who survived the attacks have recently developed problems that doctors attribute to the chemicals used in the attacks (Kurds Look Back with Fear). The Gulf War was a short war that started on January 16, 1991 several months after Iraqs invasion of its neighboring country of Kuwait in August 2 of 1990(Saddam Era The Death Toll) (Gulf War). The invasion of Kuwait occurred after the Iraq and Kuwaits disputes over oil production and the debts that Iraq owed Kuwait for Kuwaits aid in the Iraq-Iran war (Gulf War). The war ended when President Bush Sr. rdered a cease fire on February 27, 1991 (Gulf War). Husseins objectives in invading Kuwait are said to have been to force the smaller country to pardon the debts owed to it by Iraq, to acquire Kuwait in order to obtain Kuwaits rich oil fields, and expansion. The justification that Saddam used wa s that Kuwait was historically part of Iraq in the first place (First Persian Gulf War). The US under the Bush Sr. administration became involved and formed a coalition made up of several Arab countries to arrive at a quick victory over Iraq because of fear for Saddams ulterior motives.It is estimated that 25,000 Iraqi troops and as many as 200,000 civilians died as a result of the Gulf War (Saddam Era The Death Toll). Also, many Iraqis civilians suffered because of a wishing of food, as a UN trade embargo was put on Iraq when it invaded Kuwait (First Persian Gulf War). After the US won the Gulf War in 1991, Shiites, a Muslim religious minority in Iraq, and the ethnic Kurds were back up by the US to rebel against Saddam and the Baathist regime.However, when Saddam killed more than 100,000 Shiites and made more 200,000 Marsh Arabs roofless or dead, US support was free (Saddam Era The Death Toll). Saddam is said to have ordered 2,000 Kurdish rebels to be killed each day (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). The Marsh Arabs were made homeless when Saddam began having Iraqs marshlands intentionally and ruthlessly drained by 30 dams after the 1991 Gulf War, causing the marshes to dry up and practically decimating the way of lifespan of thousands of marsh Arabs that has existed for at least 5,000 years (Hassig and al-Adely 46).Iraqs marshlands now make up less than 770 square miles of Iraq, when they once had an area 7,700 square miles, meaning that 95% of Iraqs marshes have been destroyed (Hassig and al-Adely 46). Also, the number of marsh Arabs has decreased from 250,000 to 30,000, but to this day it is unknown how much of the drop is due to migration or starvation, as the lack of food producing marshes means a lack of food (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was a truly vile and despicable man for all of the suffering he inflicted on those he was responsible for as the dictator of Iraq.Saddam repeatedly broke rule after rule of the Universal firmness of Human Rights by subjecting prisoners to torture or cruel, inhumane punishment, as he intentionally did with the many tortures committed in the Abu Ghraib jail in particular, by subjecting others to autocratic arrest, detention or exile, as he did to those of the town of Dujail that were not among the 182 that he killed. In addition, Hussein violated the UDHR by forcing many an Iraqi to be helter-skelter deprived of his property when he decimated the marshes of the marsh Arabs and destroyed 4,006 villages in the Anfal campaign.Furthermore, he violated the UDHR by depriving Iraqis of their right to take part in the government of his country, direct or through freely chosen representatives, when the Baath Socialist Party took over Iraqs government by force. Saddam was responsible for several more violations- not only of human rights, but of basic human morality. Saddams term of leadership in Iraq from 1979 to 2003 has been an ugly, dark, bloody sta in on Iraqs history.

The structure of the business Essay Example for Free

The structure of the business EssayAs you can performance through from the organisational chart above, Venetian Ices LTD is a respectful size. As from the diagram above it is obvious that there is a large duad of control and a healthy chain of command, this means that communication is very accurate as there is less levels for messages to pass through becurtain call the message finally reaches the desired person. Managers be also at an advantage as they are less remote from the lower level of hierarchy, these managers as a result are to a greater extent in touch with subordinates as there are less managers. Also as there is a small chain of command and a large span of control, managers have more(prenominal) responsibilities, this whitethorn at first seem as a damage but after con fontration, it is obvious that under the circumstances more delegation will occur meaning subordinates will have more to do. As a result of this employees will come more motivated as there is more of a responsibility handed to them. However a foremost disadvantage is that as managers have a wider range of control, then they whitethorn lose control of what their many subordinates are doing.In most businesses there are 4 main functions- Marketing, Production, Finance and Personnel. The intersection function which I am concerned with throughout this course work, is in charge of ordering the raw materials in which the business produces its crossing, this is live as with-out the raw materials then the business would non be able to process the product or in other words, without the raw material Venetian Ices LTD would not be able to produce their chalk cream and therefore will be unable to make a profit. The surgical incision is also in charge of designing the product along side the marketing section, the two sections try to work together to provide the ruff product available.This section of product also works together with the finance department in case of damaged machine ry of any tonic material the business has to purchase, if there are any problems then the production manager would provide listings of bare-assed investments needed. The production department also have to work within laws of production, in order to make sure that when they produce their product they are abiding distinguishable laws which surround the business. This is an aspect of my course work which I have to research into, as I have to reveal to the Venetian Ices LTD directors which laws they have to abide by to produce ice cream.There are three main methods of production, job production, batch production and flow production. Job production is where products are made specifically to order, for example a tailor would make a new suit to match the consumer ineluctably. In this method each order is different, and may or may not be repeated in the same way. Other examples specialist machinery manufacturers who would manufacture a machine for another business to meet particular s pecification.In this method the costumer is allowed to choose the exact requirements they wish to acquire, which is a distinct advantage. Also workers will proceed to become more motivated, as they get more job satisfaction because employees are not repeating there job over and over again, but instead are doing new requirements every clock a new order occurs. However skilled labour is often needed, as employees have to be able to meet incalculable costumer requirements. This is not a method utilise by Venetian Ices LTD as they make many ice cream products for different supermarkets. One product for each market would not recoup enough profit nor meet supply and demand.Another production method is batch production, this is where similar products are made in blocks or batches. A original number of another product is made, then another product is made and so on. Examples include when a baker makes one part of bread and then when that order is finished another design of bread is com mences. Another example is that when a house design is made acceptable in a certain development area, that design is used several times and after that design is refined with, a new batch of houses is designed. This design is particularly useful as design transformations are easy to complete and progress.Furthermore motivation towards employees is also taken into account as they are not invariably completing the same procedure, but however there is more a variety in job production. For small businesses, this method would bring them to a disadvantage as raw material stock would need to be stored and warehouse space can often consume profits. This method may be used by Venetian Ices LTD in order to see if a new flavour or design fits in well with costumer needs and wants. By only producing a few amounts of their new products they will be able to test their product on the market without risking high values of cash.The last production method is the most continuous, the method is called Flow production. This method is often referred as mass production due to the heavy quantity of products being produced. The basic ingredients of the product are put together at separate levels as the pass different sectors of a production line. I.e. as each component moves along the production belt, another piece is added to the overall product. Large product quantities are made within this method and as a result of purchasing economies the business may buy materials below the average price of that certain material.By taking advantage of purchasing economies, the business can buy in bulk fore a ofttimes lower price, by buying each unit at a cheaper price it gives the business a greater benefit against littler companies who may not buy in the same bulk amounts, as a result it enables the business to sell its product at a much less price, making their product more favourable in the eyes of the public. However research suggest that workers are hard to motivate under these circumstanc es, for the work is often boring and then same day in and day out. Another essential disadvantage is that high amounts of capital is needed to set up flow production machinery, which may discourage the directors of a business to venture in to this production method.The production function has to also choose the location of manufacturing for it is vital that the right selection of location is chosen. Shown below is a diagram of factors affecting the choice of locationProbably one of the most complicated sections is the finance department that is managed by John Hardy. This function has to be in charge of controlling financial transactions within all the business. It controls the transaction by budgeting and analysing a serial of accounts, the analysation occurs is through many different accounts such as cash flow forecast, profit and loss accounts etc This function is important in the sale of a new product as without tracing the sales of a new product then there would be no record o f increases or decreases, resulting in a risk of a business losing profit. Probably an extremely important aspect of this function is through the finance department making budgets in which the company has to superintend with. It is vital that the company deals within a budget as without a budget, the company may over spend and come drowned in dept. This may desert the future of the company in doubt.The final section is the personnel department, this department deals with the employees, meaning it controls interviews with new employees, selecting supply for promotion, discipline within the company and who will hold bonuses for working well. As well as these responsibilities the function has the more important job of making sure the company workers are well motivated. They do this in many ways, a few of which are giving job perks company car, holidays, special bonuses and personnel problems in which the employees have to deal with.If however a vacuity occurs within a business, th en it is the personnel departments responsibility to attract and recruit the most suitable and most qualified staff. If the recruitment process is not completed to the highest degree, then the company could be face with members of staff who are in capable of doing the job that they were employed to do. Also the personnel department is faced with the backbreaking job of the dismissal and redundancy making of staff. The reason why some members of staff may be faced with dismissal maybe because the company smack that that certain member of staff is not performing to the complete standards that they wished that member would work at. Or a member may be of a certain old age, where the company feel that that staff member is coming to an end of their career.Management responsibilities in different departmentsHuman resources department*Forecasting staff needs for the business* Preparing job descriptions and job specifications* Planning staff training courses* Interviewing and selecting sta ff* Keeping staff records* Disciplining staff* Recruiting staff* Preparing job descriptions and job specifications* Planning staff training courses* Interviewing and selecting staff* Keeping staff records*Disciplining staffMarketing department* Market research* Planning new products* Keeping and extracting sales records* Deciding upon the best marketing mix strategyFinance department* Recording all financial transactions* Collecting and presenting financial data* Analysing the profitability of new investment projects* Keeping cashflow control* Preparing budgets for the businessProduction department* Ordering stock and materials* Developing and designing new products* Locating buildings in the most cost impressive areas* Designing on production methods* Controlling production to ensure high levels of efficiency* Maintaining machinery* Making sure quality of products is of standard

Pakistan Monetary policy effectiveness in controlling inflation

Pakistan M maventary constitution effectiveness in lockling largeness fanfare untowardly affects the boilers suit issue, the fiscal sector development and the vulnerable poor segment of the population. T present is clear consensus that even moderate levels of splashiness damage real reaping lump decreases the real income and also induces uncertainty. Considering such adverse impresss of pompousness on the economy, in that location is a consensus among the worlds leading central banks that the cost stability is the prime objective of financial policy and the central banks are committed to the funky flash. Hence the central banks get down adopted largeness as the main focus of financial policy, targeting inflation explicitly or implicitly as and when required.MotiveThe objective of the thesis is to investigate the linkage amidst the excess nones tag on growth and inflation in Pakistan and to test the validity of the monetarist office that inflation is a moneta ry phenomenon. The thesis will examine that whether the monetary policy adopted has been effective to control the rate of inflation. In my thesis I would like to analyze the property supply and inflation rates in Pakistan in order to prove the hypothesis. hypothesis guess 1Null scheme Monetary policy is effective in controlling inflation in Pakistan.Alternative hypothesis Monetary policy is not effective in controlling inflation in Pakistan.Hypothesis 2Null Hypothesis Inflation is a monetary phenomenon.Alternate Hypothesis Inflation is not a monetary phenomenon.IntroductionThis paper examines the role played by the monetary policy in controlling prices. Whether the policy makers have been successful in predicting the behavior of prices effectively or not. For this purpose the model is considered having monetary variables like monetary assets and monetary expansion and inflation as a dep fetch upent variable. The model is estimated for the geological period of 1950-2005. It tries to cadence the effective of monetary policy during different regimes.The results indicate that correlation amongst monetary assets and inflation is not that conceptive for Pakistan which means that the monetary policy has not been that effective in predicting the price movements in Pakistan. There is a strong need for adjustments by the policy makers. some other result that I got from the study is that monetary expansion and inflation are related importantly and they tend to de conditionine the direction of one another at times just now inflation is also related to other factors.These days economies of all countries whether underdeveloped, developing as well developed suffers from inflation. Inflation or firm rising prices are major problem today in world. Beca habit of m all reasons, maiden, the rate of inflation these years are lots mellow than experienced antecedent periods. Second, Inflation in these years coexists with lofty rate of unemployment, which is a new pheno menon and made it difficult to control inflation.Economic policies tend to increase the general earthly concern welfare and monetary policy supports this broad objective by focusing its efforts to promote price stability. The objective of monetary policy in Pakistan, as fixed down in the SBP Act of 1956, is to achieve the targets of inflation and growth set annually by the Government.In recent years money supply change magnitude rapidly and some researchers thought this increase in money supply was going to translate quickly into inflation. But inflation did not grow ofttimes and a posteriori evidence shows that shocks to the petrol and meat supply mainly bear upon inflation.In the dogged- form the relationship among money supply and price is very strong andtheir correlation is al nigh one. Lucas (1995) show the long- bourne relationshipbetween money and prices in his Nobel Prize lecture by mentioning McCandless(prenominal) andWeber (1995).For the on the spur of the momen t-term relationship, empirical evidence of relationship between money growth and inflation is weak and unclear. A variety of studies on money lead yield very miscellaneous results. As result, it is difficult to establish a straight relationship between these two variables in the unequal-term.This paper tries to measure the relationship between money growth and inflation forPakistan. The paper consists of following sections Introduction, The need to control inflation and the monetary policy in Pakistan, Literature Review, Empirical results, conclusion and recommendations.The need to control inflationPrice stability is key to long run growth prospects. Effective management and prediction inflation expectations is required to ensure that the prices are stable. With stable prices, frugal decisions can be made with less uncertainty and therefore markets can function without concern about unpredictable fluctuations in the purchasing power of money.On the other hand, high and unanticip ated inflation lowers the quality of the signals coming from the price system as producers and consumers find it difficult to distinguish price changes arising from changes in the supply and lease for products from changes arising from the high level of general inflation. High inflation lowers the effectiveness of the market system.High and unanticipated inflation makes it impossible to plan for copulati only longstanding outlook, creating incentives for households and firms to shorten their decision horizons and to spend imagings in managing inflation risks rather than focusing on the most productive activities.The competing goals of growth and price stability, which may seem to be at oddswith each other, in fact boils down to a single objective i.e. price stability. In this backdrop,there is no surprise that most of the central banks aim at maintaining low and stable inflation.Central banks place more weight and demonstrate increased willingness on controllinginflation relativ e to output growth, and financial and switch over rate stability.Effectiveness of monetary policy in PakistanGenerally, historical evidence does reflect that Pakistan has been a high inflation and highinterest economy given its inherent structural weaknesses. The role and effectiveness ofmonetary policy appears more visible in the 2000s when financial sector reforms started baby buggy fruits in terms of a more market ground money and foreign exchange markets.Entering the 21st century, the loose monetary policy stance in the face of low inflation, lowgrowth and low twin deficits, along with structural measures to open up the economy andalleviate some first round constraints, triggered the economy on a long term growth trajectory of above 7 pct.Monetary policy stance was however change as the inflationary pressures started to build up in 2005. At the end of the pecuniary year, the economy, which had been showing sustainedsteady growth since FY01, registered a historically high lev el of growth (9 percent), fair(a) inflation rose sharply (9.3 percent) and the outdoor(a) current account balance turned into deficit (-1.4 percent of GDP).Coinciding with these developments, the fiscal module started to show signs of stress as the fiscal balance was converted into a deficit and the stock of external debt and liabilities, which had been declining since FY00 after the Paris Club rescheduling, began increasing. These indicators more often than not capture the high and growing aggregate demand in the economy on account of sustained increase in peoples income.With the rising domesticated and world(a) price pressures, SBP tightened its monetary policyafter a prolonged gap of a few years. The efforts to rein-in inflation, however, proved lesseffective due to a forswear in world-wide commodity prices and a rise in domestic foodbearing fruits in terms of a more market based money and foreign exchange markets.Entering the 21st century, the loose monetary policy stance in the face of low inflation, lowgrowth and low twin deficits, along with structural measures to open up the economy andalleviate some first round constraints, triggered the economy on a long term growth trajectory of above 7 percent.Realizing the complications of monetary management and adverse global and domesticstinting developments, the implementation of SBP monetary policy during FY06 variedsignificantly from the preceding fiscal years. In addition to the rise in the policy rate, thecentral bank focused on the short-end of the yield curve, draining excess liquid from theinter-bank money market and pushing up short-tenor rates. Consequently, not only did theovernight rates remain close to the discount rate by most of the year, the irritability inthese rates also declined. These tight monetary conditions along with the Governments administrative measures to control food inflation helped in scaling down average inflation from 9.3 percent in FY05 to 7.9 percent in FY06, within the 8.0 percent annual target.For FY07, the government set an inflation target of 6.5 percent. To achieve this, a supercharge backup in aggregate demand during FY07 was required as the core inflation witnessed a relatively pettyer decline in FY06, indicating that demand-side inflationary pressures were strong. In this perspective, SBP further tightened its monetary policy in July 2006 raising the CRR and SLR for the scheduled banks and its policy rate by 50 basis points (bps) to 9.5 percent. Moreover, proactive liquidity management helped in infection the monetary tightening signals to key interest rates in the economy. For instance, the Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate (KIBOR) of 6 month tenor increased from 9.6 percent in June 2006 to 10.02 percent at end-June 2007 and the banks weighted average lending and deposits rates (on outstanding amount) increased by 0.93 percentage points and 1.1 percentage points, respectively, during FY07.In retrospect, it appears evident that monetar y tightening in FY07 did not put any adverseimpact on economic growth, as not only was the real GDP growth target of 7.0 percent forFY07 was met the growth was quite broad based. At the same time, the impact of themonetary tightening was most evident in the continued retardation in core inflation during FY07. One measure of core inflation, the non-food non-energy CPI, continued its downtrend from YoY high of 7.8 percent in October 2005, to 6.3 percent at end-FY06, and to 5.1 percent by the end of FY07. However, lots of the gains from the tight monetary policy on overall CPI inflation were offset by the unexpected rise in food inflation.On the downside, however, broad money supply (M2) grew by 19.3 percent during FY07,exceeding the annual target by 5.8 percentage points. Slippages in money supply growth more often than not stemmed from an expansion in NFA due to the higher than expected foreignexchange inflows.The pressure from the fiscal account was due to mismatch in its external budgetary inflows and expenditures. With the privatization inflows and the receipts from a sovereign debt offering at end-FY07, the Government managed to end the year with retirement of central bank borrowings, on the margin. By end-FY07, SBP holdings of government papers were still around Rs 452 billion, despite a net retirement of Rs 56.0 billion during the year. Another major aberration in FY07 emanated from the high level of SBP refinancing extended, for two working upper-case letter and long-term investment, to exporters. Aside from monetary management complexities, these schemes have been distorting the incentive structure in the economy.FY08 was an exceptionally difficult year. The domestic macroeconomic and governmentalvulnerabilities coupled with a very challenging global environment caused slippages inmacroeconomic targets by a wide margin.After a relatively long period of macroeconomic stability and prosperity, the global economy faced multifarious challenges (i) hit b y the sub prime mortgage crisis in U.S in 2007, the international financial markets had been in turmoil, the impact of which was felt across markets and continents (ii) rising global commodity prices, with crude oil and food staples prices skyrocketing and (iii) a gradual slide in the U.S dollar against major currencies. Combination of these events induced a degree of recessionary tendencies and inflationary pressures across developed and developing countries. Policy-makers were gripped with the dual challenge of slowdown in growth and unprecedented rising inflationary pressures.The external current account deficit and fiscal deficit widened considerably to unsustainable level (8.4 and 7.4 percent of GDP). The subsidy payments value Rs 407 billion by Government, which account for almost half of the fiscal deficit,shielded domestic consumers from high international POL and commodity prices anddistorted the natural demand adjustment mechanism. While the government passed on price incr ease to consumers, the rising international oil and other importable prices continued to take a toll on the economy.Rising demand has cost the country dearly in terms of foreign exchange spent on importinglarge volumes of these commodities. Rising fiscal deficit and lower than required financingflows resulted in exceptional recourse of the Government to the highly inflationary centralbank borrowing for financing deficit. At the same time the surge in imports persisted.As a result, inflation accelerated and its expectations streng indeeded due to pass through ofinternational oil prices to the domestic market, increases in the electricity tariff and thegeneral sales tax, and rising exchange rate depreciation. These developments resulted in afurther rise in headline as well as core inflation (20 percent weighted trimmed measure) to 25 percent and 21.7 percent respectively in October 2008.Considering the size of macroeconomic imbalances and the emerging inflationary pressures, SBP remai ned committed to achieve price stability over the medium term and thus had to launch steeper monetary tightening to tame the demand pressures and restore macroeconomic stability in FY09. SBP thus increased the policy rate from 13.5 to 15 percent.Literature ReviewIf inflation is considered as a monetary phenomenon then it is the responsibility of the central bank and the fiscal authorities to achieve price stability. If inflation is caused primarily by food price increases, it would appear that the Ministry of agriculture should play a key role in containing inflation.Analysis of Money, Inflation and growth in Pakistan (Abdul Qayyum) shows that excess money supply growth has been an important endorser to the rise in inflation in Pakistan during the study period, the study used Correlation analysis with the Country of study being Pakistan.In my research I will try to find the correlation between the monetary assets and inflation, and posit whether the policy makers have been succes sful to use monetary assets as a measure to predict interest rates.Economic Growth, Inflation, and Monetary Policy in Pakistan Preliminary Empirical Estimates AHMED M. KHALID*states the nominate Bank of Pakistanis also under pressure to discuss and innovation a policy that could provide a stable and sustainable economic growth as well as address the necessary conditions to be parcel of the global economy.Is Inflation in Pakistan a Monetary Phenomenon (M. ALI KEMAL) finds that an increase in money supply over the long-run results in higher rate of inflation and thus provides support for the quantity theory of money. It establishes that inflation is essentially a monetary phenomenon. However, the money supply does not second basely influence the price levels the impact of money supply on inflation has a considerable lag of about 9 months. While the study shows that the money supply works through the system in less than a year, it also points out that the system takes rather long t o converge to equilibrium if shocks appear in any of the tether variables, viz., GDP, money supply, and prices.Primary objective of this research is to check the long-run relationship and short-run dynamics between the money and inflation. In the long run money supply impacts the inflation rates. QTM holds in the long Run, which implies that inflation is a monetary phenomenon. In the short run, the impact of money on inflation is not instant it affects inflation with lags of about 3 quarters.In the long-run the relationship between money supply and price is very strong andtheir correlation is almost one. Lucas (1995) emphasized the long-term relationshipbetween money and prices in his Nobel Prize lecture by mentioning McCandless andWeber (1995).Certainly in the long run, inflation is considered to be-as Friedman (1963) stated-always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. However, other authors have pointed to supply-side developments in explaining inflation. This structuralist schoo l of thought holds that supply constraints that drive up prices of specific goods can have wider repercussions on the overall price level.In Pakistan, increases in the wheat support price have been blamed for inflation. As such, the question money or wheat is not merely academic, merely has profound implications for economic policy. If inflation is a monetary phenomenon, it is the responsibility of the central bank and the fiscal authorities to achieve price stability. If inflation is caused primarily by wheat support price increases, it would appear that the Ministry of Agriculture should play a key role in containing inflation.In this paper, I would study the relationship between inflation and monetary expansion, to prove that it is not entirely a monetary phenomenon but it is affected by other factors as well.Data Sources and limitationsThe information covers the period 1950-2005 on a yearly basis. The choice of stress enables us to study the long run relationship between mone y supply and inflation and short run effects. The period covers the whole monetary policy stance under different rules, and then we also analyze it in periods of different economic growth. We use annual data from 1949-50 to 2004-2005 to investigate the relations between money and prices in Pakistan.The principal data source is 50 Years of Pakistan in Statistics prepared by the Federal Bureau of Statistics. The other data sources include the regular issues of Economic Survey by Finance Division and Monthly Bulletin by State Bank.Before proceeding further, i would like to point out that the analysis is based on fifty years of Pakistan during which the country has undergone a series of economic and political changes. In particular, there have been significant improvements in the monetary sector as well as its impact on economy in the 1990s.MethodologyThe tests used will beCorrelationRegressionGraphical AnalysisModelThe model used would analyze the inflation against two variables of mon ey supply monetary expansion and monetary assets.Money supply is considered as independent variable.Inflation is considered as dependent variable.Empirical ResultsCorrelation testThe correlation between monetary assets and inflation during entire 50 year periods has been as suchFor a perfect correlation the correlation coefficient should have been + 1 but in this case the correlation coefficient is coming out to be 0.034 which is very near to 0 which shows that the monetary policy is not being effective in predicting the rates of inflation.In the long run money supply is able to determine inflation but in short term it is determined much by the other factors of economy. The linear relationship between monetary assets and inflation is not that strong. There is small correlation which means in the long run it is effective but not in the short run.For effective monetary policy the correlation between money supply and inflation should be one but here the correlation is much less and is nearer to O.Regression Test between monetary assets and inflationThis table displays R, R squared, adjusted R squared, and the standard error. R is the correlation between the observed and predicted values of the dependent variable. The values of R range from -1 to 1. The sign of R indicates the direction of the relationship (positive or negative). The absolute value of R indicates the strength, with larger absolute values indicating stronger relationships.R squared is the proportion of mutant in the dependent variable explained by the regression model. The values of R squared range from 0 to 1. Small values indicate that the model does not proceed the data well. Here the model doesnt work the data well the R square is very small.The larger the F The larger the F (the smaller the p-value) the more of ys variation the line explained so the less likely H0 is true. We reject when the p-value The F statistic is the regression mean square (MSR) divided by the residual mean square (MS E). If the significance value of the F statistic is small (smaller than say 0.05) then the independent variables do a good job explaining the variation in the dependent variable. If the significance value of F is larger than 0.05 then the independent variables do not explain the variation in the dependent variable. Here the F value is greater that 0.05 which means it is not explaining the dependent variable.Inflation= 6.504 + 0.00* monetary assetsThe beta coefficient tells how strongly independent variable is related with dependent variable. R2 is a statistic that will give some information about the goodness of fit of a model. In regression, the R2 coefficient of determination is a statistical measure of how well the regression line approximates the real data points. An R2 of 1.0 indicates that the regression line perfectly fits the data. The variation explained by monetary assets in inflation is not much which tells us that the policy has not been that effective. The correlation b etween the monetary assets and the inflation has not been much significant.Monetary expansion and inflation has significant relationship and at times one determine the other this means that we have to accept hypothesis that it is a monetary phenomenon but add that it is affected by other factors as well like oil and food prices.Why Inflation is alarming and require to be controlledHigh and persistent inflation is a regressive tax adversely impacting the poor and economic prospects. The poor hold few real assets or equity, and their savings are typically in the form of cash or low-interest bearing deposits this group is most vulnerable to inflation as it erodes savings. Moreover, high and volatilisable inflation has been found to be detrimental to growth and financial sector development. High inflation obscures the role of relative price changes thus inhibiting optimal resource allocation.Inflation hurts growth once it exceeds a certain threshold. A number of empirical studies have established that the relationship between inflation and growth is nonlinear. At low levels of inflation, inflation has either no impact or a positive impact on growth. However, once inflation exceeds a certain threshold, it has an adverse impact on long-run growth.High inflation also inhibits financial development. Financial market institutionsare intermediaries that reduce frictions between savers and investors (includingadverse selection, moral hazard, or conflicting time preferences). Inflation makesthis intermediation more costly because inflation tax lowers long-run real returns.As a result, credit is rationed and financial depth is reduced. As in the case ofgrowth, there appears to be a threshold beyond which inflation adversely affectsfinancial sector developments, while there are no negative effects at low levels ofinflation.The adverse effect of inflation on financial development is one mechanism by which inflation can hurt growth. For example, Loayza and Ranciere (2005) f ind a positive long-run relationship between financial development and growth in a sample of 75 countries.In Pakistan, periods of low inflation are associated with high growth rates and viceversa. Between 1978 and 1991, inflation was 8 percent on average and real per capita growth averaged 3 percent. Between 1992 and 1997, inflation increased on average to 11 percent, while real per capita growth fell unassailablely and averaged only 1 percent.Finally, between 1998, inflation was reduced again to an average of 5 percent, andreal per capita growth displayed a dramatic recovery. Of course, there are otherfactors that determine growth in the short-run and in the long-run e.g. van Rooden(2005). Nonetheless, Pakistans growth performance has been best when inflationwas contained to 8 percent or lower.ConclusionHypothesis 1Null Hypothesis Monetary policy is effective in controlling inflation in Pakistan.Alternative Hypothesis Monetary policy is not effective in controlling inflation in Pa kistan.Result Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Alternate Hypothesis.Hypothesis 2Null Hypothesis Inflation is a monetary phenomenon.Alternate Hypothesis Inflation is not a monetary phenomenon.Result We accept our hypothesis but add here that inflation in Pakistan is not entirely a monetary phenomenon, it is a monetary phenomenon in long run, but in short run it is affected by other factors as well like food and oil prices.The rejection of first hypothesis shows that there need to be steps taken by policy makers to combat the inflation rates. The empirical results presented in this paper show that monetary factors determine inflation in Pakistan. Broad money growth and private sector credit growth are the key variables that explain inflation developments with a lag of around 12 months. A long-run relationship exists between the CPI and private sector credit. The food price affects inflation in the short run, but not in the long run.RecommendationsThe following areas need assistance and are key for effective monetarymanagement.Effectiveness of monetary and fiscal coordination would be helpful.For effective analysis of developments and policy making, timely and qualityinformation is extremely important. Information is not available with desired frequency and timeliness. Also there are concerns over the quality of data. Unlike many developed and developing countries, data on quarterly GDP, employment and wages, etc. is not available in case of Pakistan. Moreover, the data on key macroeconomic variables is usually available with substantial lags. This constrains an in-depth analysis of the currenteconomic situation and evolving trends, and hinders the ability of the SBP todevelop a forward-looking policy stance.Unlike many countries, both developed and developing, there is no prescribed limiton government borrowing from SBP. Borrowing from the central bank injects liquidity in the system through increased currency in circulation and deposits of the government wi th the banks. In both cases, the impact of tight monetary stance is diluted as this automatic creation of money increases money supply without any prior notice. Improve the effectiveness of monetary policy is to prohibit the practice of government borrowings from the SBP.Another issue is to make a clear distinction between exchange rate managementand monetary management. It is impossible to pursue an independent monetary and exchange rate policy as well as allowing capital to move freely across the border. Since the SBP endeavors to achieve price stability through achieving monetary targets by changes in the policy rate, it is not possible to maintain exchange rates at some level with free capital mobility. This can only be achieved by putting complete restrictions on capital movements, which is not possible. SBPs responsibility is to ensure an environment where foreign exchange flows are driven by economic fundamental and are not mis-guided by rent seeking speculation.In conclusion , it is imperative that above steps be taken urgently. Over the period, however,this needs to be complemented with much deeper structural reforms to synchronize andreform the medium term planning for the budget and monetary policy formulation process.Several studies and technical assistance have provided extensive guidance in this area, butthe lack of capacities and short term compulsions have often withheld such reforms. What is important is to recognize that a medium term development strategy, independently worked out, would help minimize one assurance interest which has often been a source of coordination difficulties. It would also help the budget making process more rule based than the incrementally driven process to carry out conflicting demands.

PERSPECTIVES ON THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP AND CONFLICT

PERSPECTIVES ON THE EMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP AND CONFLICTIntroductionToday industries have underg unmatched a great change in ground of the kind of personnel they deploy as they look for maximization of their production and profits. There is keen selection of means of production especially specialized perseverance and therefore this means that todays employer is much more focused on what he needs in the process of production (Fredman Gillian 1989, p.48). There argon change magnitude agreements and dispute procedures which used to be forced on the unions by employer association some time ago, except the bar take a craping ability and immunity has called for diversification of employers functions and restructuring of the behave agreements (Bach Sisson 2000).Management of the businesses has also changed with regard to todays need and is being performed by board of governors (Guest 1991, p.153). There argon two aspects of employer relationship namely market relations and manageri al relations. A market relation refers to terms and conditions on which labor is hired and is economic in character. Managerial relations refer to deployment of labor force by the forethought and how this deployment is to be done. Before take unions, individual feater could chose to put to prepare or go elsewhere if he or she is not satisfied with employers terms of work. And be pee an individual worker was weaker than the employer, there came a regulated work market with trade unions where employees argon allowed to collude with fellow workers for a collective bargaining. The primary excuse of trade union is that it protects the worker in the economic aspect of his employment (Gintis 1987, p.68).In job regulations, employers and employees adopt an agreement contract. These contracts have rules over a unsubtle variety of work step forwards. They contain an individual interest which necessarily ignores the economic reality behind the bargain because the parties be s mention n ot equal (Wedderburn 1986, p.8). This one sided interest of contract of employment is the bone of contention in the study relationship.The contract requires the employer to pay wages, provide work, exercise c argon and cooperate while employees ar expected to obey reasonable order, exercise reasonable care and competence, maintain fidelity, honesty, protect confidential information, be accountable and not to sabotage employers business among differentwise provisions. These provisions are just mere protection on managerial rights. However, the actual cooperation of legal rights in work places depends on the power, knowledge and organization of the parties as well as on the statute book (Edwards 1987, p.15).The agreement of work must take into consideration that what is offered by the worker to the employer is the capacity to work, which only the capitalists return maximum use of, but the output benefits only the capitalists (Braveman 1998, p.37). This paper seeks to examine th e three perspectives that have been a wide reference regarding industrial relations, their take on how these impinges may arise and how they are solved under each outline. In the discussion we will also seek to see how managers under these perspectives seek to gain escort for efficacious management.The perspectivesThere are three perspectives on the employment relationship that can contribute in analyzing the nature of conflict in work place Unitarism, Pluralism and Marxism. Most writers and theorists have written on these schools of thought and have used them from different perspective to analyze favorable issues. Here they will be used to test their take on the nature of conflict in the employment and the way managers or human resource managers seek control and effective guidance in exercising their vested authority.UnitarismThis is the system whereby a focus is placed upon one source of authority without negotiation. It assumes a kind of partnership teamwork in its operatio nalization. In a unitary system, members are expected to strive as a unit and pursue a common goal and every unit share does its part to the best of its ability (Fox 1966, p.2). Members are expected to exhibit discipline, royalty and effective communication because the organized body is hypothetical to be an integrated and symphonic whole. Following the centralized leadership members accept their place and function and this means antagonist groups and rivalry in leadership are not accommodated.Unitarism holds the idea that conflict in the work place should be a two way because the Leaders, who expect loyalty and respect from members, must first exhibit and raise the equivalent to individual members. harmonise to Fox (1966, p.3), the success and impetus of the team inheres from personal relationship and just like a football team there is no divided olfaction especially with management authority. In this system also, it is believed that the structure and the organization of wo rk and purpose is unitary and individual employees or trade unions are not expected to challenge the management. Worse still is that trade unions are perceived to be an illegitimate entity that sabotages the balance of the whole unit and. As Unitarism assumes that workplace conflicts are non existent due to the organization and symbiotic relationship among workers and managers, the idea of trade unions is conceived to be foreign.Unitary system therefore denies conflict in workplace and just assumes that the conflicts are only due to personal differences, faulty communication and works of inciters from without. Managers in this system believe that workers conflicts can be managed within the system than involving trade unions (Fox 1966 p.10). Unions are seen as achieving nothing for employees but sabotaging progress, pushing up cost and constantly frustrating the owners of production enterprise in the guise of solution workplace conflicts (Fox 1966, p.11).The ideology also endeavors to integrate employees into organization based on employee commitment to quality production, customer need and job flexibility.It therefore serves three purposes in the management self reassurance as an instrument of persuasion and as a technique of seeking legitimization of authority. Adopting the unitary view of industrial organization is one of managers play. This gives a penury that harmony of purpose exists. Ideology also is a persuasive instrument in which employers persuade their employees and public at large that industry is a harmony of cooperation which only trouble mongers choose to disrupt (Fox 1966, p.5). This way they make their work easier by convincing their employees and winning public support, should management be challenged by their workers. Moreover, management creates a situation where their interest and those of former(a) employees are similar and legitimizes the regime. Therefore drawing from this assumed legitimacy, their government sanctions and cruelty b ecome legitimate (Edwards, 2003, p.34).In their bid to gain authority under this perspective, managers are also likely to adopt measures that are aimed at debilitating trade union and favoring the company and this triggers throw out resentment from the trade union (Fox 1966, p.11). Moreover, Managers holding Unitarism perspective belief that collective bargaining, negotiation and reconciliation encourage the wrong attitude between the two sides in industry. They therefore term any resistance and conflicts to be due to stupidity, wrong headedness or outdated class rancor and they work toward inculcating such ideology to their subordinates who by following the ideology are easily controlled (Fox 1966, p.12). Managers also utilize conformist innovation whereby they focus on acquiring expertise that will enable them to demonstrate a close relationship between their activities and organizational success criteria (Thornley, 2003a, p.83). This is mostly attained through specialization in personal management. This influences the reaction of workers and their management becomes easier.The assumptions of the unitary position, with its emphasis on managerial prerogative, and its attempt to deconstruct realities of divergent work group attitude and values in the interest of strong unified team renders it weak under modern conditions especially in their obsolete view on the nature of conflict in the work place. Unitarisms view on the nature, cause and how to handle workplace conflict is utterly conservative and time tested. This organized labor is challenged when it comes to the process of organizing and assigning work to members as well as sanction the labor force. The failure to consider common interest leads to faulty communication or misunderstanding and at that time conflicts at workplace become a challenge.PluralismPluralist perspective is a system with a political analogy whereby many groups with divergent interests and beliefs act as one organization, and the gov ernment depend on their go for and cooperation. The final authority in pluralism lack moral bargain to arrive at final decision without relying on members unity (Clegg 1979, p.454). In this system, trade unions are legitimate institutions that represent collective interest of the workers and are granted powers to challenge management. There is therefore minimal authoritarianism because conflicts in the work place are viewed at as inevitable and as a phenomenon that is margin to occur without question.Pluralism views Industrial relations as much stable and adaptable as a result of collective agreement and it is very difficult for the management to sabotage trade unions unlike in the Unitarism (Clegg 1979, p.454). In the regulation of pluralism, conflicts induced by the trade unions are indispensable so the question of how to contain them triumphs over how to constrain the unions operations.In pluralist view, the organization is seen as a plural caller with related but separate int erests and objectives which should be tamed to a kind of equilibrium through conflict if workers are expropriated. Fox (1966, p.3) analyses that the running of a pluralism system is aimed at smasher a balance of members activities of the group for the highest degree of freedom. This is done in line with general interest of the society as it is.The system is kept alive by the fact that sectional groups with divergent interests aim for a common goal and are mutually depended. Under this view, managers are expected to deploy many tactics in their professional functions should they expect to gain any accepted authority. These involve organizing work people and technical resources, shareholders, customers, the government and the local community. Managers who hold this perspective dear seek to acquire some control through acting in the best interest of all stakeholders.Pluralist workers and other stakeholders, on the other hand, maintain their relations with managers as their source of information to deliver their goods and services to their satisfaction and to minimize work place conflicts (Clegg 1979, p.455). The effectiveness of managers under pluralism in their job is also, highly impelled by their good relation with those who negotiate with them on behalf of the workers. Therefore it can be deduced that pluralism views workplace conflicts as indispensable and as a part of work relation hence trade unions are unavoidable institutions. Under this perspective the only way managers can be at ease is to strike a balance between their interest and that of workers by establishing good rapport with negotiators. In many organizations with pluralist approach, managers involve collective negotiations, procedures of dispute settlement, formal and informal consultation as tools of their power control.MarxismMarxism in its proper form is a general theory of society and social change with implications for analysis and industrial relations capitalism. Marxism has since its inception served as a tool for social research into power relations and a discourse in which other phenomena and reality are examined.Class conflict, a origination of work place conflict, according to Marxists is there to stay within the system as far as profit is made out of exploitation of labor by the owners of production. Class divisions that inhere in society are closely intertwined with the bourgeoisie structure of industry and a wage labor (Hyman 1975, p.28). The capitalist, according to Marxism, has introduced social features that dominate labor process which is a property of the worker and this forces the worker to sell their labor power together with their interest. This alienates labor from the owner and makes it to be controlled by the capitalist. Karl Marx, the initiator of Marxists school of thought, noted that ones labor is equal to his or her humanity and one would be dehumanized once someone else controls his or her labor (Braveman 1998, p.39). Since the owner of l abor is powerless and the buyer powerful there is a possibility of expropriation of the worker by the employee and hence trade unions are formed.Trade unions in Marxism are legitimate vehicles in challenging the excesses of property owners whenever they disrupt the distribution of national products as a result of power differences. Marxism therefore holds that workplace conflicts are bound to be there but measures should be put to tame them. Trade unions are therefore looked at as institutions that conjure up as a result of painful exploitation of employees by the owners of means of production and therefore as a collective bargaining person (Clegg 1979, p.455). A long floor of conflicts has proved that they can be contained if positively perceived and handled. Marxism is the ultimate conflict theory that criticizes Unitarism and pluralism because of their leniency on handling workplace conflicts. Research demonstrates that Marxists and pluralists differ in their industrial relation analysis and further in their definition of its subject matter and nature (Hyman 1975, p.20). What is common in both schools of thought is that both are concerned with conflict and stability acquisition. This means in both perspectives conflict in workplace is unavoidable just as in any other sphere of social life.In most work places management asserts its authority and control down wards from above while work groups assert their independence and control upwards from below (Coffey Thornley 2009, p.93). This reverse expectation is the one that projects a conflicting point where balance has to be struck radically to the benefit of neither of the side. According to Clegg (1979, p.454) Marxist account of industrial relation has that, trade unions may become integrated in the institutions and operations of capitalist society.This strategy, which managers under Marxism may deploy to gain authority, is the greatest evil that can bedevil trade unions under Marxism because once that is acc omplished unions cease to act as instruments of social class welfare. This integrating may assume terms as economism, incorporation and institutionalization. As much as this is not consistent with trade unions objective it does not favor the employee who is supposed to be represented.Collective bargaining employs freedom for workers to organize independent trade unions to bargain independently and effectively with the employer. To get rid of persistent subordination, workers have freedom to organize autonomous trade unions (Wedderburn 1986, p.7).Integration of trade unions into capitalist society, midwifed by managers, influences all representatives, who interact with managers and employers association, to forfeit their duty to serve employees. To avoid this trade unionists are not advised, under Marxism to make a binding agreement with their employers.In Marxism it is expected that conflicting employee and employer prefer a settlement of their differences in an amicable manner cl ose to each callers objective. This settlement is mostly to be achieved after a series of meetings (Clegg 1979, p.453). As the two sides also push each other to the wall, they must keep in mind that they are mutually depended on each other and that collective bargaining is the backbone of their industrial relations.This however does not imply that trade unions representatives always yield to the pressures of the enterprise. Marxism believes that workers ability to deliver their labor productively lies in the damage they cause to their employers whenever they strike. Further institutionalization of trade unions makes them not to be seen in the old goggles as tools of radical protest and insubordination (Clegg 1979, p.454). Trade unions in Marxist setting are aligned to a political party with wider support, greater funds and more activists. Marxism therefore entrenches politicization of workers by action that workers must learn to deploy the mass power of the union as an instrument of revolt should a need arise (Clegg 1979, p.454).ConclusionHowever, debates on Marxism, pluralism and Unitarism no longer dominate in the labor market today but a parvenu orthodox under the promising enterprise duped human resource management (Guest 1991, p.149) for managers to control power at the work place they adopt enhanced motivation and commitment at work that leads to high performance and therefore managers are expected to dig into it.Rules in an employment sector are either adjectival or substantive and do not just follow some theorized routes as those established in Marxism, Unitarism or Pluralism. This is usually found in the spirit of collective agreement that is usually constituted in a body of rules. The Procedural part of the rules deals with matters as which methods are to be used and the means that are deployed when settling disputes that arise from places of work (Flanders 1975, p.86). This very part also deals with facilities to be provided to the representativ es of parties who enter the agreement.Substantive part on the other hand pronounces the rate of wages, working hours among other terms of employment leaving exploitation as the last thing to be forced. The substantive rules of collective bargaining regulate the marketing definition and enforcement of such rules (Flanders 1975, p.87). However, each of the set of rules, whether substantive or procedural regulate different sets of relationships. Collective relations that involve representative organizations are under the procedural rules.The worker is subject to managerial relation whereby authority and subordination come to play with respect of who is who in the work place. The employee is usually placed at a position where he will exercise his powers in a limited way with regard to the hierarchy of power (Flanders 1975, p.88).The powers are born of organization of the management with an aim of attaining the goals of the enterprise. Here the employees interact with fellow employees and management as they share interests, sentiments, beliefs and values for the common purpose (Flanders 1975, p.89).In conclusion conflicts in the work place are indispensable but what should take precedence is how to solve them. Trade unions are meant to solve the conflict between the employer and the employee but there are other problems that management will have to deal with. The three perspectives offer their take on the industrial relation but their survival is depended on the culture of the society and how they will be interpreted by those involved. What is very important in this case is a balance that will maintain stability in the work place that every party will be satisfied.

Blue Ocean Strategy Simulation

Blue nautical system SimulationThe visual exploration at the start of Blue round 1 involved three different paths. Below is a summary of the findings of each of the path roadway 3 Looking Across the Chain of Buyers and UsersIt had the possibility of stretchiness upto 30% of market portion. The main focus in this case would be on pargonnts who dont want to intrude in their childrens personal lives by entering their room again and again but at the same time would same to control the time spent on gaming. The pargonnts felt like they had lost control over what their children were doing.Many parents were similarly concerned with the easily snapping ability of discs beca custom of which they had to buy their favourite discs twice or more. Most of the parents were overly concerned rough the be and the environmental impact of batteries which were not rechargeable.There was also the issue of the cost of the games and maybe the answer lies in extending the length of the game to ma ke it look like value for money. Finally, some people wanted the TV to store messages for their family members and wanted interconnectivity amongst the TVs for uninterrupted game play from anywhere inside the house. Two people also termed the game console as ugly.Possible Areas to work on Control, Disc Protection, Rechargeable Batteries, Length and Complexity of the Games, Messages, Inter Connected Screens, Console Design.Path 1 Looking Across AlternativesThe kids interviewed here mostly couldnt afford a video game and if given a choice, preferred another pair of shoes or a ball and wanted to move around the whole day with other kids after a whole day being still at school. The cost of the video games was a major issue with them. Also, many of them were ok with the quality of sound and graphics, which shows lack of interest in sophisticated devices. The exploration also led to an idea of mobile phones strapped to kids while they are playing so that the phones dont break after fallin g.For some of the kids who spent hundreds of dollars on sports goods, it was more a interrogatory of choice rather than affordability. Being with friends, and being active, not necessarily moving around was in.Possible Areas to work on Cost, Sporty Mobile Phones, Fun ToysPath 5 Looking Across the Functional and Emotional Appeal for BuyersThe inherent thinking of these people ab come forward the video game patience was neutral to negative. They concept that video games are all about making people isolated, about technology and complexity. They also thought that games were about getting people together to interact and have fun. These people were also quite intimidated by technology. This set of people also wanted the graphics, controller to be simpler. People also talked about the ugliness of the goodsPossible Areas to work on Simpler graphics, controls, easier games, proper training on using technology, creating games as a platform for socializingAfter discussing the various opti ons operable to us, we decided to launch blueish box with the following specifications, the focus being on path 3 as it represented a major chunk- 30% of the target groupsWe added controller sophistication and integrated screen and console design.We also reduced the audio sophistication as well as multimedia add-ons as there was less requirement of these features by the target groupWe also added rechargeable batteries, ability to control gaming habits as these were the major concerns of the people in path 3. Also, we included the additional feature with the ability to leave messages for others in the house.As a result of our decisions, we were able to attain a market share of 3.3% for the blue box.Thus, when coming up with a new product offering in an attempt to differentiate from our competitors, and in the process launching a blue maritime product, we decided to look across the chain of buyers and users and identified target groups, who when given special features suited to the ir requirements, will buy our product and it will be an offering distinct from pains standards.Application of Lessons Learnt to Quasar Media (Digital Media Agency)Blue Ocean Strategy Simulation taught us primarily to create a blue ocean for ourselves in order to differentiate from the competitors. The blue ocean involves offering something/ doing something/ making changes in the product which has not been done before and which makes your product stand out amongst all the products in the industry. The trick then also lies in sustaining that unique offering and continuously offering something extra.Quasar Media, a digital media agency, offers different services, a few of them beingFull service digital media solutionsEnd-to-end services on Online Media, Search and Mobile marketcreative digital mediasearch marketing and optimizationE-CRME-commerceWebsite development, back-end and optimizationInteractive toolsMobile marketing marketing CampaignsAoRConceptualizing, developing, creating , hosting and managing digital assets.Social Media Optimization (SMO)Graphics DesignApps and ContentSearch Engine Marketing (SEM)Now, Quasar Media offers almost all of the services which are offered by a typical digital media agency in India. The time is right for the company to go that extra mile and differentiate from the competitors and create a blue ocean for themselves. Keeping into consideration the functional and emotional appeal of technology users in India, iPad is the coterminous big thing. There is going to be an avalanche of sorts when the iPad comes into the market. Thus the high value differentiated product proposed is inclusion of iPad into the social media strategy.Inclusion of iPad into the Social Media Strategy Including iPad into the social media strategy would primarily involve coming up with fresh Applications specific to iPad. IPad also supports multi tasking, in which many applications run simultaneously. Hence, living in the scene is very important as you c an be visible to the user, even when your application is in the background.Thus, this will become a competing factor beyond those on which the industry soon competes.Assignment No. 2Let us start by looking at the nature of demand for bottled pee supply in urban India. Unlike in the US, the water in the Indian home is not considered safe to be drunk directly. Almost all urban families use either an RO system, a candle filter or a big can of mineral water. Public places such as railway stations do not sound convincing even if they have water taps and in a way force people to purchase mineral water from there. In restaurants, since customers have no visible quality standard to know if their normal will be clean, they get ripped off paying double for mineral water. So, bottled water in India isnt catering to demand but is merely filling in for the lack of safe, clean water in our kitchen taps. Thats why bottled water in India is a Rs1, 000 crore industry growing at 40-50% annually.Pa rle was the first company in India to come up with bottled water and was in a way responsible for cause up the bottled water industry in India. People today associate water with Bisleri and have in fact stopped calling it water and sooner call it Bisleri only. But these days, there is increasing competition from international players like Coke, Pepsi, Nestle etc and national players like Mount Everest, Manikchand, and Kingfisher.The retail packaged water industry is growing at . Following are the factors which are fuelling this industry growthHigher disposable incomeIncreased on the go behaviourImportance of hygieneIncreased AvailabilityAffordable Price pointsIn a scenario where there is no Genie in the bottle, the companies accept to differentiate from the rest of the pack and need to create an uncontested space for themselves. The need of the hour is to create a high value, differentiated Blue Ocean Strategy product offering, which includes competing factors beyond those curre ntly offered by the industry.Blue Ocean product Offering Fruit Flavoured Water, Value added flavoured water like natural ayurvedic additiveThe rationale behind this Blue Ocean strategy is catering to the functional appeal and requirements of buyers. Essentially the customers are going to remain the same, but the modified product offering will cater to those who are tired of plain water or sweetened carbonated drinks. We all know that todays consumer is very health conscious. Hence, this health conscious consumer will be attracted towards water with fruit in it which gives it a healthier feel. The health conscious consumer will also be attracted towards the water with ayurvedic ingredient which is considered natural and is known to cure diseases.The factors of the industry that have beeneliminatedas they no longer have valueIncreasing awareness among people about consuming safe water which in consider increases demandAdvertising only to the premium and elite class ( Today everyone c onsumes bottled water)The factors that have beenreducedas they over serve customersFlashy encase ( As it doesnt serve any purpose)Different bottle sizes (Based on the fact that if someone wants to buy a mineral water bottle, they go ahead and do it. They are not really particular about the size of the bottle)The factors that have beenraisedas they remove compromises that buyers are currently makingTamper make packaging in the form of seals (Most of the consumers are scared of open or broken seals as many local water bottles are tampered)Sturdy and leak proof bottlesMinerals and purification of the waterThe factors that have beencreatedas they present new sources of customer valueFruit flavoured water ( For those who are tired of plain water or sweetened carbonated drinks) CUsersManasDesktopWickyFruitEnergyKleinst.jpgValue added flavoured water with natural Ayurvedic additive (For those who are health conscious) CUsersManasDesktopstock-photo-mineral-water-bottle-and-glass-with-mint -and-ice-rocks-10313494.jpg

Frederick Douglass Essay -- Biography

Frederick Douglasss Disguised Message Frederick Douglass, a firm believer in equality, was one of the most influential leaders of the emancipationist movement in America. An ex-slave, Douglass pushed for abolition and brought attention to the subject through his commanding speeches and his powerful writings. Among his writings Douglass published his autobiography Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass, an American striver , which is indeed one of his more famous pieces of work. Douglass uses his own life and personal experiences to describe what life was like for a slave at the time. Although seen as a simple autobiography of his life, the text goes deeper with components that would ultimately affect the northern audiences view on southern slaveholders. Targeting the Northern audience was crucial because they were the only group he could persuade fair to middling to change the way things were. Douglass used his life story as a propaganda device to promote and drive the abol ition movement among northerners. forrader Douglass begins his life story , the preface written by Wm. Lloyd Garrison, prepares the reader for the abolitionist message that is really behind Douglasss Narrative. The preface focuses on Garrisons admiration for Douglass and his cause. He describes tryout Douglass speak for the first time and states I think I never hated so intensely as at that moment...(2065). Garrison also demonstrates how accustomed to abolition and persuading Douglass is by writing ..if Mr. Douglass could be persuaded to consecrate his time and talents to the promotion of the anti-slavery enterprise, a powerful impetus would be given to it, and a stunning blow..inflicted on northern prejudice against a colored complexion.(2066). To furt... ...ir sins. Using his written word and combining all the factors used to affect his audience, Douglass hoped to shed light upon the true temperament of a slave holder and the practice of slavery. He knew his boundaries and did not try to promote a movement towards total civil rights his intent was to motivate enough people to join his movement and fight for abolition. Douglass hoped his readers would become sympathetic towards the still enslaved using his own real experiences such as having no father, being garbled from his mother, how the slaves were treated like animals, and the brutal punishments and killings without justice. Douglass also expected to place a black mark on southern slave holders by telling us how they had affairs with the slaves and used religion as support for their actions. Douglass strived to make readers imagine themselves in his position.

Death: Flowers and Bomb Shells :: essays research papers

Death is some(prenominal)thing that every person will have to deal with at some point in his or her life. The poems "Dulce et Decorum Est" and "Nothing Gold Can Stay" both deal with the concept of death, but in very antithetical ways. They provide views of what death apprise be like from opposite ends of the proverbial spectrum. Death can be a very hard thing to experience, and the emotions that it evokes can be difficult to express as well. These two poems both express a feeling of loss through death, but the tones perceived by the reviewer in each are completely unalike.      The setting of "Dulce et Decorum Est" is a battlefield during wartime, and tells of the main characters, the soldiers, fighting for their lives. The author, Wilfred Owen, was a soldier himself, who died in the war, which is one priming coat that this poem has such a personalized tone about it. It relates directly to human experience. The reviewer cannot help bu t wonder if Owen experienced the horrors that he recounts in this poem. Owen also rehearses many personal pronouns, like "you" and "I" repeatedly as if to remind the reader war is a real thing and that they could easily be in the same situation. Line twenty-one reads, "If you could hear, at every jolt" followed by line twenty-five, "My friend, you would not tell with such high zest". The use of the word "you" and even "my friend" makes both of these lines very personal, as if Owen is speaking directly to the reader.      "Nothing Gold Can Stay" also has a personal sense to it, but the author of this poem, Robert Frost, does not try to make the same connection with his readers. Allegory is put to use in this poem with the case of nature. or else of using personal pronouns to draw the reader into the story as Owen does, Frost uses them to personify nature, always referring to it as "her". The opening lines of the poem say, "Natures first green is fortunate / Her hardest hue to hold". This is a common occurrence in writing, especially when dealing with nature. By personifying nature as a woman, rather than just an object, the reader is able to connect more with that character. This is because it is easier for humans to relate to another person than it is for them to relate to an object, even if only on paper.