The Vaccine Against Cowpox Also Gave Protection Against...

In 1796, Edward Jenner showed the world that the vaccine against cowpox also gave protection against the smallpox disease. Ever since Jenner s discovery, the main principles of vaccines has gained more acceptance through the years of practice. In 1816, 20 years after Edward Jenner s discovery, Sweden would create a compulsory vaccine for smallpox, which will eradicate the disease in many countries (Ortqvist et al). By noticing the long-lasting effects of vaccinations in people, one can understand the importance of a well-informed society. Acta Paediatrica, a peer-review medical journal organization, noted, â€Å"The body hosts many microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses that live with or off it† (Ortqvist et al). Vaccines, however,†¦show more content†¦However, 100 children out of the one million were diagnosed with a rare side-effect in which a section of the small intestine would fold into another section called intussusceptions. Tetanus is a very serious ba cterial infection that has become extremely rare in the United States. If one develops the infection, he or she is still recommended to take the vaccination. The reason for it is due to the toxin made by the disease that would affect the immune system in the long run. Hib, HPV, and pneumococcal vaccines all help to improve the immune response better than natural infection (Holland). Certain vaccines are highly recommended but sometimes they are not fully covered, leaving children suffering from possible diseases that are preventable such as: smallpox, chickenpox, measles, hepatitis B, and many more. Moreover, being covered is not the only problem. The shortage of childhood vaccines, especially in the United States, are due to the lack of manufacturing capacity, lack of accurate data, and lack of communication. Between December 2007 and September 2009, the United States had a lack of Hib vaccines, leaving a high number of children at the risk of infection (Esposito et al). In 1989, a measles epidemic infected more than 18,000 people and killed 41 children in the U.S.. The outbreak occurred due to extremely low immunization rates. Jon Cohen, a physician executive business, believes â€Å"It was just a disaster waitingShow MoreRelatedEdward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccines Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesEdward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccines Edward Jenner (1749-1823) trained in London, under John Hunter, and was an army surgeon for a period of time. After that, he spent his whole career as a country doctor in his home county, Gloucestershire (West of England). His research was based on careful case studies and clinical observation more than a hundred years before scientists could explain what viruses and diseases actually were. His innovative new method was successfulRead MoreVaccines : Defense Against Disease Or Illness?1657 Words   |  7 PagesVaccines: Defense Against Disease or Initiators of Illness? Human beings are not invincible, for they are susceptible to things such as sickness, disease, and death. Throughout the years, humans have faced numerous outbreaks of different illnesses. In response to such outbreaks, people searched for ways to protect themselves. One protection method was vaccination. The creation of the first vaccine, the further development of common vaccinations, and the varied responses to vaccination have greatlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1195 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The two public health interventions that have had the greatest impact on the world’s health are clean water and vaccines†, says the World Health Organisation. However, not everyone agrees that the increasing number of available vaccines are necessary, or even safe. So, when faced with the individual and their right to make their own decision about being vaccinated; and the ramifications that their decision may have on society as a whole; is it advisable to make the vac cination programme compulsoryRead MoreVaccines And Immunizations On The Health Of Citizens Of The World Over The Years : Water Purification And Vaccinations Essay2113 Words   |  9 Pagesand an immunization. A vaccine contains a live, but weakened, or dead germ that is able to cause a particular disease such as tetanus or the flu. A vaccine is the action of being injected with a germ and immunization is the action of the body developing antibodies against the germ that was presented via injection. In this paper, I will discuss the history, the pros and cons and my viewpoint with supporting information about vaccines and immunizations. The history of vaccines dates back to ancientRead MoreImmunization Occurs And Its Effects On Children s Immune System3091 Words   |  13 Pages Immunization occurs when a person is made resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. A vaccine stimulates the body’s own immune system to protect a person from an infection or a disease. The vaccines give a small amount of a virus or bacteria that has been weakened or killed. The immune system learns to recognize and attack that virus or bacteria if the person is later exposed to it. Everyone’s immune system is different and not all will generate an adequateRead MoreVaccination Compulsory For All 6 Week Old Children2882 Words   |  12 Pagesvaccinations at 6 weeks protect against multiple diseases. They are: Rotavirus, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Polio, Hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenza type b and Pneumococcal. These are covered by 3 vaccines. The focus of my investigation will b e on the 6 week old vaccine and whether New Zealand should make the vaccination compulsory for all 6 week old children. The following report looks at the reasons there is speculation or ignorance surrounding vaccination and also my personal standpoint based

Cicero The Statesman And Philosopher - 942 Words

Cicero: The Statesman and Philosopher Cicero was a Roman statesman, lawyer, and philosopher. He did not have a set major belief in a particular philosophy. Cicero studied under an epicurean, a stoic, and an academic. He did call himself an academic however, his theory of knowledge was based on probability over stating certainty. He preferred it this way to help justify any contradictions in any of his works. â€Å"He usually writes as a theist, but the only religious exaltation in his writings is to be found in the â€Å"Somnium Scipionis† (â€Å"Scipio’s Dream†) at the end of De republica.† (Dacre Balsdon). Cicero would call himself agnostic and his theist writing could have stemmed from the teaching of Epicureanism. I agree with the idea of basing your theory of knowledge on probability because not everyone is 100 percent correct 100 percent of the time. Most people would consider Cicero one of Rome s greatest public speakers. Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in 106 BCE in Arpinium, Italy. Not much is really known about Cicero s heritage, for example, his mother however, â€Å"his father was a well-to-do and well-read member of the semi-noble equestrian (or knight) class with good connections in Rome, although with no familial ties to the Roman patrician or senatorial class.† (Mastin). After serving in the military, Cicero started defending people in Rome s courts. He likes the Roman Republic and used philosophy to tell the Roman people his political views and to help argue for them to beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cicero718 Words   |  3 PagesCicero Born Marcus Tullius Cicero in Arpinum (Italy) in 106 BC, he became a writer, statesman, orator and philosopher. He loved politics and he wrote only when he could not participate in government. He had a motto which he constantly strived for: to always be the best and over top the rest. Cicero had a high political career in Rome for that time as winning elections were almost always exclusively controlled by a group of wealthy aristocratic families. Cicero’s family was not one of themRead MoreCicero s Life Project Paper About Cicero1390 Words   |  6 PagesLives Project Paper About Cicero Cicero was born in 106 BC. His mother was from a good family, and his father was just a member of the equestrian order. However, this had not changed the destiny of Cicero of being a very successful and famous poet, lawyer, orator, philosopher, and politician in the future. Cicero started to show his intelligence and talent since his school age. He was a quick and broad learner who was regarded by Plato as the one who was â€Å"fitted for scholarship and the pursuit ofRead MoreIs Cicero A Roman Orator?996 Words   |  4 PagesCicero was a Roman orator, statesman, lawyer, philosopher, political theorist, poet and much more. He wrote some works reflecting the personal feeling of an emotional and sensitive man. He wanted to understand if what is right and what is advantageous can ever conflict. He concluded that such confronts can only be apparent, never real, and this gives him occasion to reassert the supremacy of moral considerations over all others. His main idea is to address t he confusion of what we value and theRead More Roman and Greek Philosophys Influence on Todays Western Culture780 Words   |  4 Pages Advances in Art, science and politics were made in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. Greek philosophers were among the first in the West to explore nature in a rational way and to make educated guesses about the creation of the world and the universe. This is why Greece is often referred to as the birthplace of Western culture. The ancient Greeks viewed the world in a way that one would today perhaps describe as holistic. Science, philosophy, art and politics were interwoven and combinedRead MoreThe Innocence Of Sextus Roscius Of Ameria Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesThe general purpose of this study is to examine the method, style, techniques or devices etc. employed by Cicero in convincing his audience of the innocence of Sextus Roscius of Ameria. Generally, studying rhetoric introduces us to some of the most influential thinkers of Western culture. Knowledge of rhetoric helps us to understand our world because every human being practices rhetoric and comes under its influence. This is because every day, we use words to shape attitudes and encourage peopleRead MoreEssay about St. Augustine916 Words   |  4 Pagesextremely difficult to come with a conclusion when it was staring at him straight in the face, but just as he did, we draw up our own conclusions with the guidance of others. Saint Augustine, born Aurelis Augustinus, was an influential and great philosopher and theologian of early times. He was considered the most important of the Latin Church Fathers. His writings of sermons gained fame, notably Confessions and his Treatise City of God. Through his work he helped distinguish the church in WesternRead MoreEssay about Major Depression Disorder794 Words   |  4 Pagesthought that melancholia was caused by too much black bile in the spleen. He used bloodletting (a supposedly therapeutic technique which removed blood from the body), bathing, exercise, and dieting to treat the depression. The famous Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero argued that melancholia was caused by violent rage, fear and grief; a mental explanation rather than a physical one. Hippocrates characterizes melancholia as fears and despondencies. There are early records of depression reported aroundRead MoreSir Thomas More s Utopia And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince1454 Words   |   6 Pagesmovement that accompanied the passage of Europe from the Middle Ages to modern times. Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian civic humanist, historian, diplomat, philosopher, politician, and writer during the Renaissance. He applied the values of the Renaissance to his political treatise, The Prince. Sir Thomas was an English lawyer, philosopher, statesman, and humanist during the Renaissance. He employed the ideals of the Renaissance to his Latin dialogue, Utopia. Both The Prince and Utopia reflect the idealsRead MoreA Critique of Natural Law Essay2522 Words   |  11 Pagesand legal positivism. Plato and Aristotle proved to be of great importance in natural-law thinking from 5th century Greece until the present day. Plato had an idealist view of justice as a kind of absolute which can be understood only by the philosopher and fully realized in an ideal state. Aristotle regarded natural justice as universal, yet ideal. Stoic philosophy, which evolved after Aristotle, plays a great role in the history of natural law. Its emphasis was on reason as the key elementRead MoreThe Roman Empire Essay2154 Words   |  9 Pageslaws. These laws were just a scam in order to get money from wealthy women in order to pay for the war. Marcus Tullius Cicero was an orator, lawyer, politician, and philosopher. Marcus Tullius Cicero had many political and social values that were essential to leading a good life on earth and gaining eternal life in the hereafter or so he believed. As has been said, Cicero subordinated philosophy to politics, so it should not surprise us to discover that his philosophy had a political purpose:

Ethics in IT

Question: Required to analyse the ethical dilemma you have identified above using use the Doing Ethics Technique (DET). Answer: Introduction Ethical Dilemma can be defined as a situation wherein individuals are expected to choose among options which appear to be morally correct but conflict with each other (Fisher Lovell, 2006). Doing ethics technique has defined eight parameters against which an ethical dilemma is judged (Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics, 2015). The eight questions when answered in a specified sequence help individuals find the most suited solution to an ethical dilemma. Case While working as a senior requirement analyst for a reputed software development company that develop and sell Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) to its clients the author found himself in the midst of an ethical dilemma. During one of his client meetings he was informed by his clients that they want a system which while displaying suitable candidates whose credentials matched to that required by a specific job, details of white candidates must be displayed prior to that of non-white candidates and also the details of male candidates must be displayed prior to female candidates. The author found himself in a state where he could not decide whether their company should go ahead with developing such a system or simply say no to the client stating relevant reasons. Doing Ethics Technique What is going on? The author is in a client meeting where he is asked by the client to develop a system that violated employment discrimination laws and Equal Employment Opportunity Laws. The client is asking the author to be a part of highly unethical act. They are trying to misuse the IT system to perform an act of self interest. What are the facts? Authors company is involved in the development and sale of HRIS system to their clients. HRIS system helps organisations streamline their HR process in order to facilitate HR planning. The author is in midst of ethical dilemma where he cannot accept clients requirements nor can say no to them directly. What are the issues? The client wants to misuse the IT system in order to perform a highly unethical act wherein they will discriminate applicants based on their race and sex (Rezaee, 2009). There are a number of government laws that prevent organisations from making any discrimination among employees based on race, sex, age, nationality or disability. Any organisation that fails to adhere to such laws will have to face serious consequences (Whitbeck, 2011). The client is clearly aware of such laws still want the software development company to get involved in this unethical act. Who is affected? This unethical act will not only affect author and his company but will also affect the white and female applicants who are actually capable of being selected for a specific job with the client (Sandler, 2013). This act will be greatly against public interest. What are the ethical issues and implications? The client is trying to misuse the efficiencies and flexibilities provided by an IT system by manipulate data in a way that satisfy their self interest (Sandler, 2013). Doing so will be against public interest and will violate individual rights to equal employment opportunities. Such a system will enable the client discriminate among applicants based on their race and sex. What can be done about it? In order to stop such practices from happening in future the author can straight forward inform his client that he and his company will never be interested to be a part of such unethical act (Waluchow, 2003). What options are available? The system if developed as desired by the client will violate Employment Discrimination laws which emphasize on preventing discrimination based on race, religion, sex, age and disability (Halbert Ingulli, 2014). The author has three options available. He can accept the requirements and forward them to development team without taking them too seriously. He can directly say no to the client informing them his company will not be interested in doing anything thats unethical. He can inform the client of his concern with all regards and inform them that based on whatever the senior management will decide after they are informed about the specific requirement, he will proceed accordingly. Which is the most suited option and why? Option third appears to be the most suited option because the authors designation does not provide him with enough powers to decide either in favour or against the situation. It will be best to inform the senior management about the situation and let them make the decision. The author can just take a decision whether or not to be a part of this project if the senior management decide in favour of the client. References Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics. (2015). Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics. Retrieved 2015, from Australian Computer Society Code of Ethics: https://undergraduate.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS3200/ethics/acs-ethics.htm Fisher, C., Lovell, A. (2006). Business Ethics and Values. Essex: Pearson Eductaion Limited. Halbert, T., Ingulli, E. (2014). Law and Ethics in the Business Environment. New York: Cengage Learning. Rezaee, Z. (2009). Corporate Governance and Ethics. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons. Sandler, R. L. (2013). Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Waluchow, W. J. (2003). The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. London: Broadview Press. Whitbeck, C. (2011). Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Nicolaus Copernicus Essays - Copernican Revolution,

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was born in 1473 in Poland to a family of merchants and municipal officals. Copernicus later moved in with his uncle Bishop Lukasz Watzenrode. Nicolaus obtained a better education while living with his uncle. Copernicus entered Jagullonian University in 1491. He studied the liberial arts for four years without recieving a degree. He then went to Italy to study medicine and law. In 1497 Copernicus began to study canon law at the University of Bologna. On 1500 Copernicus lectured on astronomy in Rome. The following year he gained prmission to study medicine at Padua. Copernicus,without completing his medical studies,recieved a doctrine in canon law from Ferrara in 1503. In 1510 Copernicus published his first book,a Latin translation of letters on morals written by 7th century Byzantine writers. Between 1507 and 1515 he completed a short astromical treatise. It was not published until the 19th century . Copernicus took part in the Fifth Laterian Council commission on calendar reform in 1515. Then he began his major work when he published a book on the Revolution of Celestial Spheres,Which was finished in1530. Just before Copernicus's death in1543. Cosmology was replaced by the Copernican theory in which he stated that the Earth rotates daily on its axis and revolves yearly around the sun. Copernicus argued and said that the planets orbit around the sun to. The Copernican Theory also stated that the bigger the diameter of the planet the longer it takes to orbit around the sun.Their were ten Copernicus's between 1543 and 1600. They all supported this theory. Nicolaus Copernicus died in 1543.